slow recording

1 to reduce.

2 to decrease.

El medicamento disminuyó la fiebre The drug decreased the fever.

Me disminuyó la temperatura My temperature decreased.

3 to diminish, to decrease, to fall off, to drop off.

El calor disminuyó The heat diminished.

4 to lessen, to take down, to humiliate, to deflate.

Su actitud disminuyó a su hijo His attitude lessened his son.

5 to have less.

Te disminuyó la fiebre You have less fever.

* * *

Conjugation model [ HUIR], like link=huir huir

► verbo transitivo

1 (gen) to decrease

2 (medidas, velocidad) to reduce

► verbo intransitivo

1 (gen) to diminish

2 (temperatura, precios) to drop, fall

* * *

1) to decrease

2) drop, fall

* * *

1. VT

1) (=reducir) [+ nivel, precio, gastos, intereses] to reduce, bring down; [+ riesgo, incidencia, dolor] to reduce, lessen; [+ temperatura] to lower, bring down; [+ prestigio, autoridad] to diminish, lessen; [+ fuerzas] to sap; [+ entusiasmo] to dampen

2) (Cos) [+ puntos] to decrease

2. VI

1) (=decrecer) [número, población] to decrease, drop, fall; [temperatura, precios] to drop, fall; [distancia, diferencia, velocidad, tensión] to decrease; [fuerzas, autoridad, poder] to diminish; [días] to grow shorter; [luz] to fade; [prestigio, entusiasmo] to dwindle

2) (=empeorar) [memoria, vista] to fail

3) (Cos) [puntos] to decrease

* * *

verbo intransitivo

1) ( menguar) número/cantidad to decrease, drop, fall; entusiasmo/interés to wane, diminish; precios/temperaturas to drop, fall; poder/fama to diminish; dolor to diminish, lessen

2) ( al tejer) to decrease

1) ( reducir) <gastos/costos/impuestos> to reduce, cut; < velocidad> to reduce; <número/cantidad> to reduce, diminish

2) ( al tejer) < puntos> to decrease

* * *

= decline, decrease, diminish, dwindle, fall off, reduce, relax, shrink, slow down, tail off, lower, dip, subside, mitigate, lessen, abate, decelerate, regress, wane, take + a dive, ebb, slacken, whittle (away/down/at), slow up, taper, scale back, remit, take + a dip, turn down.

Ex. Library use declines during the June-October period when examinations have finished and the students are on vacation.

Ex. Recall is inversely proportional to precision, and vice versa, or in other words, as one increases, the other must decrease.

Ex. While another colleague of mine offered the wry comment that 'as the computer's capabilities have increased our expectations of what it can do have proportionally diminished'.

Ex. Whereas this proportion is dwindling as a percentage of the total budget, agricultural spending continues to rise in real terms.

Ex. When the recording procedures were removed study time fell off immediately.

Ex. The disadvantage of inversion of words is that inversion or indirect word order reduces predictability of form of headings.

Ex. Since the Federal Government has not been willing to relax import restrictions on books, academic librarians have had to devise a number of strategies for the survival of collection development.

Ex. The 'false hit' problem still arises, but becomes less likely as the 'neighborhood' of the two words shrinks.

Ex. However, the flight from DC appears to have slowed down more quickly than was anticipated, and we no longer read of large numbers of libraries making the change.

Ex. In this unsettled atmosphere, it is not surprising that enthusiasm for membership of the Community should tail off.

Ex. When a forme was in place on the press stone, paper was lowered on to it by means of a tympan and frisket.

Ex. The proportions of books bought for children have been extraordinarily steady for four of the five years, only dipping at all appreciably in the last year of 1979-80.

Ex. Her agitation subsided suddenly.

Ex. Confusion caused by repetition of descriptive information in access points can be mitigated by careful screen design.

Ex. Two possible solutions are possible: (1) to lessen the frequency of production, or (2) to reduce the amount of detail in the entries.

Ex. As the sobbing abated, the secretary's voice regained some steadiness.

Ex. Accumulation of new data bases is decelerating rapidly with the focus on deriving subsets from current files to serve niche markets.

Ex. Interloans have regressed recently, despite the rapid advancement of the computer age.

Ex. The population waxed again slightly, then waned again, until it finally stabilized around its present 55,000.

Ex. The article 'Wages, hours, bookfunds take a dive' examines how some authorities are proposing cuts in wages to preserve services; others reducing bookfunds by as much as a quarter, or cutting their opening hours in half.

Ex. Subsequently, library development stalled as cultural interaction ebbed from classical levels.

Ex. The trend direct supply of books to schools shows no sign of slackening.

Ex. However, such idealism is often whittled away over time by bureaucratic problems & organizational demands.

Ex. Since cataloging is the most time consuming part of digitization, it has slowed up the placement of files.

Ex. The tube in the two types tapers almost unnoticeably from base to tip.

Ex. He first spotted trouble when she started being short with users and so he solved the problem by scaling back her workload.

Ex. The fever was resolved and the skin lesions started to remit during the following 3 weeks.

Ex. Sales took a dip in 2005 but exploded in 2006.

Ex. Cytokines are small proteins used to communicate messages between the immune cells in the immune system to either turn up or down the immune response.

----

* atención + disminuir = attention + wane.

* disminuir casi hasta su desaparación = drop to + near vanishing point.

* disminuir de tamaño = dwindle in + size.

* disminuir el riesgo = reduce + risk.

* disminuir el valor de = belittle.

* disminuir la importancia de = lessen + the importance of.

* disminuir la marcha = slow down.

* disminuir la posibilidad = lessen + possibility.

* disminuir la probabilidad = reduce + chances.

* disminuir las probabilidades = lengthen + the odds.

* disminuir la velocidad = slow up.

* sin disminuir = non-decreasing, unabated.

* * *

verbo intransitivo

1) ( menguar) número/cantidad to decrease, drop, fall; entusiasmo/interés to wane, diminish; precios/temperaturas to drop, fall; poder/fama to diminish; dolor to diminish, lessen

2) ( al tejer) to decrease

1) ( reducir) <gastos/costos/impuestos> to reduce, cut; < velocidad> to reduce; <número/cantidad> to reduce, diminish

2) ( al tejer) < puntos> to decrease

* * *

* * *

disminuir [ I20 ]

A (menguar) «número/cantidad» to decrease, drop, fall; «desempleo/exportaciones/gastos» to decrease, drop, fall; «entusiasmo» to wane, diminish; «interés» to wane, diminish, fall off

el número de fumadores ha disminuido the number of smokers has dropped o fallen o decreased

los impuestos no disminuyeron there was no decrease o cut in taxes

los casos de malaria han disminuido there has been a drop o fall o decrease in the number of malaria cases

disminuyó la intensidad del viento the wind died down o dropped

la agilidad disminuye con los años one becomes less agile with age

B (al tejer) to decrease

A (reducir) ‹gastos/costos› to reduce, bring down, cut

disminuimos la velocidad we reduced speed

es un asunto muy grave y se intenta disminuir su importancia it is a very serious matter, and its importance is being played down

el alcohol disminuye la rapidez de los reflejos alcohol slows down your reactions

B (al tejer) ‹puntos› to decrease

* * *

* * *

♦ vt

to reduce, to decrease;

disminuye la velocidad al entrar en la curva reduce speed as you go into the curve;

pastillas que disminuyen el sueño tablets that prevent drowsiness;

la lesión no ha disminuido su habilidad con el balón the injury hasn't affected his skill with the ball

♦ vi

disminuye el número de matriculaciones en la universidad university enrolments are down;

medidas para que disminuyan los costes cost-cutting measures;

no disminuye la euforia inversora investor enthusiasm continues unabated

* * *

I v/t gastos, costos reduce, cut; velocidad reduce

II v/i decrease, diminish

* * *

disminuir {41} vt

reducir: to reduce, to decrease, to lower

disminuir vi

1) : to lower

2) : to drop, to fall

* * *

disminuir vb

1. (reducir) to reduce

2. (bajar, menguar) to fall [pt. fell; pp. fallen] / to drop [pt. & pp. dropped]

disminuye el número de ballenas en el mundo the number of whales in the world is falling

SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology, Photography, film and optics

[br]

[br]

[br]

At the age of 19 Marey went to Paris to study medicine, becoming particularly interested in the problems of the circulation of the blood. In an early communication to the Académie des Sciences he described a much improved device for recording the pulse, the sphygmograph, in which the beats were recorded on a smoked plate. Most of his subsequent work was concerned with methods of recording movement: to study the movement of the horse, he used pneumatic sensors on each hoof to record traces on a smoked drum; this device became known as the Marey recording tambour. His attempts to study the wing movements of a bird in flight in the same way met with limited success since the recording system interfered with free movement. Reading in 1878 of Muybridge's work in America using sequence photography to study animal movement, Marey considered the use of photography himself. In 1882 he developed an idea first used by the astronomer Janssen: a camera in which a series of exposures could be made on a circular photographic plate. Marey's "photographic gun" was rifle shaped and could expose twelve pictures in approximately one second on a circular plate. With this device he was able to study wing movements of birds in free flight. The camera was limited in that it could record only a small number of images, and in the summer of 1882 he developed a new camera, when the French government gave him a grant to set up a physiological research station on land provided by the Parisian authorities near the Porte d'Auteuil. The new design used a fixed plate, on which a series of images were recorded through a rotating shutter. Looking rather like the results provided by a modern stroboscope flash device, the images were partially superimposed if the subject was slow moving, or separated if it was fast. His human subjects were dressed all in white and moved against a black background. An alternative was to dress the subject in black, with highly reflective strips and points along limbs and at joints, to produce a graphic record of the relationships of the parts of the body during action. A one-second-sweep timing clock was included in the scene to enable the precise interval between exposures to be assessed. The fixed-plate cameras were used with considerable success, but the number of individual records on each plate was still limited. With the appearance of Eastman's Kodak roll-film camera in France in September 1888, Marey designed a new camera to use the long rolls of paper film. He described the new apparatus to the Académie des Sciences on 8 October 1888, and three weeks later showed a band of images taken with it at the rate of 20 per second. This camera and its subsequent improvements were the first true cinematographic cameras. The arrival of Eastman's celluloid film late in 1889 made Marey's camera even more practical, and for over a decade the Physiological Research Station made hundreds of sequence studies of animals and humans in motion, at rates of up to 100 pictures per second. Marey pioneered the scientific study of movement using film cameras, introducing techniques of time-lapse, frame-by-frame and slow-motion analysis, macro-and micro-cinematography, superimposed timing clocks, studies of airflow using smoke streams, and other methods still in use in the 1990s. Appointed Professor of Natural History at the Collège de France in 1870, he headed the Institut Marey founded in 1898 to continue these studies. After Marey's death in 1904, the research continued under the direction of his associate Lucien Bull, who developed many new techniques, notably ultra-high-speed cinematography.

[br]

See also: Demenÿ, Georges

BC / MG

"shot, take;

Aufnahme;

fotografia"

* * *

f resumption

di vestito alteration

film shot

motoring acceleration

radio, television in ripresa diretta (broadcast) live

a più riprese several times, on several occasions

* * *

ripresa s.f.

1 ( il riprendere) restarting, recommencement, renewal; resumption: ripresa dell'attività, renewal of activity: la ripresa del lavoro, di un processo, the resumption of work, of a trial; la ripresa delle lezioni scolastiche, the recommencement of lessons; ripresa della produzione, resumption of production; ripresa delle ostilità, renewal of hostilities // a diverse riprese, at different times; a due riprese, on two occasions; a più riprese, on several occasions (o many times o again and again): ho cercato a più riprese di spiegargli il tutto ma senza successo, I have tried on several occasions to explain everything to him but to no avail la criminalità è in ripresa, crime is increasing

2 ( rinascita) revival: ripresa di antiche tradizioni, revival of old traditions

3 (da malattia, emozioni) recovery: la sua ripresa fu molto lenta, his recovery was very slow; ha una grossa capacità di ripresa, he has great powers of recovery

4 (econ.) ( recupero) revival, recovery, upturn, upswing; ( balzo) spurt: ripresa economica, economic recovery (o business upswing); ripresa degli affari, business recovery // (Borsa) vi è stata un'improvvisa ripresa delle azioni chimiche, chemicals put on a spurt

5 (teatr.) revival: la ripresa di quella commedia ebbe molto successo, the revival of that play was very successful

6 (cinem.) shot, take; filming, shooting: ripresa al rallentatore, slow-motion shot; ripresa di un interno, interior shooting; ripresa inclinata, angle shot (o view); ripresa muta, mute shot; trucchi di ripresa, shooting tricks

7 (aut.) pick-up: la mia automobile ha una buona ripresa, my car has good pick-up

8 ( registrazione) recording: sistema di ripresa ottica e sonora sulla stessa pellicola, single recording system

9 (sport) ( pugilato, lotta) round; ( scherma) bout; ( calcio, pallacanestro ecc.) second half (of game)

10 (mus.) repeat

11 (metrica) refrain, ritornello

12 ( sartoria) dart, trick.

* * *

sostantivo femminile

1) (il riprendere) resumption

2) (da malattia) recovery, revival

3) cinem. shoot, shot, take

4) teatr. revival

5) econ. (recupero) recovery, revival, rally, pickup

6) aut. pickup

7) sport (nella boxe) round; (nel calcio) restart

8) mus. repeat

9) sart. dart

10) a più riprese repeatedly, consistently, at various times

* * *

ripresa

/ri'presa/

sostantivo f.

 1 (il riprendere) resumption; ripresa delle ostilità renewal of hostilities

 2 (da malattia) recovery, revival

 3 cinem. shoot, shot, take; - e (cinematografiche) camerawork, filming, shooting

 4 teatr. revival

 5 econ. (recupero) recovery, revival, rally, pickup; essere in ripresa [economia, vendite] to pick up, to recover, to be on the mend

 6 aut. pickup

 7 sport (nella boxe) round; (nel calcio) restart

 8 mus. repeat

 9 sart. dart

 10 a più riprese repeatedly, consistently, at various times.

* * *

1) detector

f <av> ■ slow-motion video recording; slo-mo video footage coll

f <av> ■ slow-motion video recording; slo-mo video footage coll

* * *

1. ( характеристика движения материального тела) ( вектор) velocity; (модуль вектора, скалярная величина) speed

гаси́ть ско́рость — cancel speed

набира́ть [нара́щивать] ско́рость — pick up [gather] speed

превыша́ть (безопа́сную) ско́рость — exceed the (safety) speed limit

разгонять(ся) до ско́рости — accelerate to a speed of …

снижа́ть ско́рость — slow down

теря́ть ско́рость — lose speed

2. (характеристика изменения величины или состояния, протекания процесса) rate

ско́рость буре́ния — drilling rate

весова́я ско́рость — mass flow rate

ско́рость ве́тра — wind velocity

взлё́тная ско́рость — take-off speed

возду́шная ско́рость — air speed

возду́шная, индика́торная ско́рость — equivalent air speed, EAS

возду́шная, индика́торная земна́я ско́рость — брит. rectified air speed; амер. calibrated air speed, CAS

возду́шная, и́стинная ско́рость — true air speed, TAS

возду́шная ско́рость по прибо́рам — indicated air speed, IAS

ско́рость воспроизведе́ния ( звукозаписи) — playback speed

ско́рость восстановле́ния — recovery rate

ско́рость враще́ния анте́нны радиолока́тора — (antenna) scan rate

ско́рость вы́хода на автомати́ческую характери́стику эл. — speed at the end of rheostatic starting

гиперболи́ческая ско́рость — solar escape velocity

ско́рость горизонта́льного полё́та — level (flight) speed

группова́я ско́рость — group velocity

ско́рость дви́гателя ( передача) авто — gear (см. тж. передача)

ско́рость детона́ции взры́вчатого вещества́ — quickness [velocity of detonation] of an explosive

дозвукова́я ско́рость — subsonic speed

до́плеровская ско́рость — Doppler velocity

ско́рость дутья́ метал. — wind rate

ско́рость за́писи — recording [writing] speed

ско́рость захо́да на поса́дку — (landing) approach speed

ско́рость зву́ка — sound velocity

ско́рость измене́ния мат. — rate (of change)

ско́рость изна́шивания — wear rate

ско́рость истече́ния — outflow [discharge, exhaust] velocity

комме́рческая ско́рость трансп. — schedule speed

комме́рческая, сре́дняя ско́рость трансп. — block speed

ско́рость корре́кции гироско́па — torqueing rate; ( приведение в вертикаль) erection rate; ( приведение в горизонталь) levelling rate

косми́ческая ско́рость — space velocity

косми́ческая, втора́я ско́рость — escape velocity

косми́ческая, пе́рвая ско́рость — circular [orbital] velocity

косми́ческая, тре́тья ско́рость — solar escape velocity

кре́йсерская ско́рость — cruising speed

кругова́я ско́рость — angular velocity

ско́рость манипуля́ции телегр. — keying speed

мгнове́нная ско́рость — instantaneous velocity

ско́рость набо́ра высоты́, вертика́льная — rate of climb

ско́рость на впу́ске — inlet [intake, entrance] velocity

ско́рость на вхо́де — inlet [entrance] velocity

ско́рость на вы́пуске — output [exit, exhaust] velocity

ско́рость на вы́ходе — outlet [exit] velocity

ско́рость на (пред)поса́дочной прямо́й — final-approach speed

ско́рость обега́ния телемех., автмт. — acquisition [scan] rate

ско́рость обме́на вчт., информ. — data rate

околозвукова́я ско́рость — transonic speed

оконе́чная ско́рость — terminal velocity

окружна́я ско́рость — peripheral [circumferential] velocity

ско́рость отры́ва ав. — lift-off [get-away] speed

ско́рость переда́чи в цифровы́х систе́мах — symbol rate

ско́рость переда́чи при телеграфи́ровании — telegraph signalling [transmission] speed

ско́рость переда́чи при телеграфи́ровании, рабо́чая — telegraph traffic speed

ско́рость переда́чи при телеграфи́ровании, рабо́чая, в ко́довых комбина́циях за мину́ту — operations per minute [opm] traffic speed

ско́рость переда́чи при телеграфи́ровании, рабо́чая, выража́ющаяся число́м слов в мину́ту — words per minute [wpm] traffic speed

ско́рость передвиже́ния (напр. экскаватора) — travel speed

ско́рость по а́зимуту рлк. — azimuth rate

ско́рость по да́льности рлк. — range rate

ско́рость пода́чи — feed rate

ско́рость подвига́ния ( забоя) — advance rate

ско́рость подгото́вки ( запоминающей трубки) — priming rate

ско́рость подъё́ма

1. ( из шахты) winding speed

2. ав. climb-out speed

ско́рость полё́та — flight [flying] speed

ско́рость полё́та по маршру́ту — en-route speed

поса́дочная ско́рость — landing speed

ско́рость по углу́ ме́ста рлк. — elevation rate

прое́ктная ско́рость — design speed

ско́рость прока́тки — rolling rate

ско́рость протя́жки диагра́ммной ле́нты — chart speed

ско́рость прохо́дки сква́жины — drilling time (per unit depth)

путева́я ско́рость ав. — ground speed

радиа́льная ско́рость ( отметки на радиально-круговом индикаторе РЛС) — range rate

ско́рость развё́ртки ( в фототелеграфии) — scanning speed; осцил., рлк. sweep speed

ско́рость разворо́та ав. — rate of turn

ско́рость разли́вки ( жидкого металла) — pouring rate

размыва́ющая ско́рость ( потока) — scouring [erosive] velocity

разно́сная ско́рость ( при которой происходит разнос двигателя) — run-away speed

ско́рость распа́да физ. — decay [disintegration] rate

ско́рость распростране́ния волн — wave velocity

ско́рость распростране́ния пла́мени — flame (propagation) velocity

расчё́тная ско́рость — design speed

ско́рость реа́кции — rate of a (chemical) reaction, reaction velocity

ско́рость реа́кции по маршру́ту — route reaction rate

ско́рость регули́рования — control rate

результи́рующая ско́рость — resultant velocity

ско́рость рекомбина́ции — recombination rate

ско́рость релакса́ции — relaxation rate

релятиви́стская ско́рость — relativistic velocity

ско́рость ро́ста — growth rate

ско́рость сближе́ния

1. ( о самолётах) closing [closure] rate, closing [closure] speed

2. ( о частицах) approach velocity

ско́рость сва́рки — welding speed

сверхзвукова́я ско́рость — supersonic speed

ско́рость све́та — velocity of light

ско́рость свобо́дного паде́ния — free-fall speed

синхро́нная ско́рость эл. — synchronous speed

слепа́я ско́рость рлк. — blind speed

ско́рость сниже́ния ав. — speed of descent

ско́рость сниже́ния, вертика́льная ав. — rate of descent

ско́рость спу́тной струи́ аргд. — wake velocity

среднеквадрати́чная ско́рость — root-mean-square [rms] velocity

среднеходова́я ско́рость трансп. — average speed between stops

ско́рость стира́ния — erasing speed

ско́рость счё́та (напр. импульсов) — counting rate

ско́рость счи́тывания — reading speed

ско́рость телеграфи́рования — telegraph signaling [transmission] speed

техни́ческая ско́рость трансп. — average speed between stops

углова́я ско́рость — angular velocity

углова́я ско́рость бортово́й ка́чки мор. — roll(ing) rate

углова́я ско́рость кабри́рования ав. — nose-up pitch rate

углова́я ско́рость килево́й ка́чки мор. — pitch(ing) rate

углова́я ско́рость кре́на ав. — rate of roll

углова́я ско́рость ры́скания ав. — rate of yaw, yaw(ing) rate, yaw angular velocity

углова́я ско́рость тангажа́ ав. — rate of pitch, pitch(ing) [pitch angular] velocity

уда́рная ско́рость ( точки тела при ударном движении) — shock velocity

ско́рость ухо́да нуля́ — drift rate

уча́стковая ско́рость трансп. — schedule speed

фа́зовая ско́рость — phase velocity

ско́рость фильтрова́ния — rate of filtrate flow

характеристи́ческая ско́рость ( в камере) ркт. — characteristic velocity

ско́рость хо́да ( судна) — speed

ско́рость хо́да, авари́йная — emergency [take home] speed

ско́рость хо́да без во́за ( буксира) — free running speed

ско́рость хо́да в по́лном грузу́ — loaded speed

ско́рость хо́да, кре́йсерская — cruising speed

ско́рость хо́да, наибо́льшая — flank speed

ско́рость хо́да на испыта́ниях — trial speed

ско́рость хо́да, по́лная — full speed

ско́рость хо́да, эксплуатацио́нная — service speed

эволюти́вная ско́рость ав. — control [handling, manoeuvring] speed

экономи́ческая ско́рость — economic(al) [endurance] speed

эксплуатацио́нная ско́рость ав. — operating speed

προσβολή, ἡ, ([etym.] προσβάλλω)

A application, e.g. of the touchstone, A. Ag. 391 (lyr., pl.); ἡ τῆς σικύας π. Arist.Rh. 1405b3;

ἡ π. τῶν ὀμμάτων πρός τι Pl.Tht. 153e

; φίλιαι π. προσώπων, of kisses, E.Supp. 1138 (lyr.): abs., kiss, embrace, Id.Med. 1074; τῆς γλώττης προσβολαί, opp. συμβολαὶ τῶν χειλῶν, Arist.PA 660a6; ἄνευ προσβολῆς (sc. τῆς γλώττης ) pronounced without applying the tongue to the teeth, etc., Id.Po. 1456b26: metaph.,

π. τῆς φαντασίας Stoic.2.33

: abs., of an act of intuition, Porph.Sent.43, Plot.2.9.1, 3.8.10, al.

2 in an auction, document recording the knocking down of a lot to a purchaser, PEleph.23.17 (iii B.C.), PTeb.814.28 (iii B.C.).

II (from intr. sense) falling upon, attack, assault (expld. by Hsch. as τῶν ἀθλητῶν ἡ συναφὴ καὶ κατοχή)

, π. Ἀχαιίς A.Th.28

;

προσβολὴν ποιέεσθαι πέριξ τὸ τεῖχος Hdt.3.158

: pl., Id.4.128, Th.2.4, 5.61, X.HG 1.3.14, etc.;

προσβολὰς παρασκευάζεσθαι τῷ τείχει Th.2.18

;

προσβολῆς γινομένης πρὸς τὸ τεῖχος Hdt.6.101

;

τὰς π. ἀποκρούεσθαι Id.4.200

;

προσβολαὶ ἱππέων Th.3.1

, cf. X.An.3.4.2; π. sudden attacks, opp. ξυσταδὸν μάχαι, Th.7.81; ἐκ προσβολῆς at the first assault, Philostr.Her.19.3; ἀντιφραττόμενοι ταῖς π. SIG780.19 (Epist.Augusti, i B.C.).

2 generally, attack, visitation,

προσβολαὶ Ἐρινύων A.Ch. 283

;

μιασμάτοιν Id.Eu. 600

;

δαιμόνων Ar. Pax39

(with allusion to the stench striking one's nose, cf.

προσβάλλω 1.3

);

προσβολαὶ κακαί E.El. 829

;

ἐκ θεοῦ προσβολῆς ἐμηνάμην Id.Cret.9

;

π. θεῖαι Antipho 3.3.8

;

πυρὸς ἢ χειμῶνος προσβολῇ Pl.Lg. 865b

; attack, fit of disease, Dsc. 5.113;

π. δεισιδαιμονίας Plu.2.43d

: but, beat of pulse, Ruf.Syn.Puls. 7.5.

3 without hostile sense, impact of sound, βραδεῖα μὲν γὰρ ἐν λόγοισι π. μόλις δι' ὠτὸς ἔρχεται ῥυπωμένου, i.e. impressions through an old man's ears are slow, S.Fr. 858; contact,

π. καὶ ἐπαφή Stoic.2.123

;

τοῦ ἡλίου αἱ π. αἱ πρῶται Ael.NA14.23

.

4 means of approaching, approach,

παρέχειν π. καὶ ἐπαφήν Pl.Sph. 246a

; προσβολὰς ἀφράστους ἔχειν, of a place, Plu.Caes.53; π. ἔχειν τῆς Σικελίας to afford a means of entering Sicily, Th.4.1; ἡ τοῦ στομάχου π. Arist.HA 507b3; οὔσης.. τραχείας τῆς π. Plb.3.51.4; of ships, landing-place, harbour, place to touch at, ὁλκάδων π. Th.4.53; of a place, ἐν προσβολῇ εἶναι τῆς Σικελίας to be a port of call on the voyage to Sicily, Id.6.48; meeting-point, Pl.Ti. 36c.

5 Rhet., in pl., approaches to a subject, ject, Philostr.VS1.9.1.

III (from [voice] Pass.) that which is put upon a weapon or tool, iron point, D.C.38.49 (pl.), Phryn.PSp.100 B. (nisi leg. προβολή).

2 point of attachment of a stake fixed in the ground, Plb.18.18.14 (pl.).

SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics

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Born of French parents, Lippman's work began with a distinguished career in classics, philosophy, mathematics and physics at the Ecole Normale in Luxembourg. After further studies in physics at Heidelberg University, he returned to France and the Sorbonne, where he was in 1886 appointed Director of Physics. He was a leading pioneer in France of research into electricity, optics, heat and other branches of physics.

In 1886 he conceived the idea of recording the existence of standing waves in light when it is reflected back on itself, by photographing the colours so produced. This required the production of a photographic emulsion that was effectively grainless: the individual silver halide crystals had to be smaller than the shortest wavelength of light to be recorded. Lippman succeeded in this and in 1891 demonstrated his process. A glass plate was coated with a grainless emulsion and held in a special plate-holder, glass towards the lens. The back of the holder was filled with mercury, which provided a perfect reflector when in contact with the emulsion. The standing waves produced during the exposure formed laminae in the emulsion, with the number of laminae being determined by the wavelength of the incoming light at each point on the image. When the processed plate was viewed under the correct lighting conditions, a theoretically exact reproduction of the colours of the original subject could be seen. However, the Lippman process remained a beautiful scientific demonstration only, since the ultra-fine-grain emulsion was very slow, requiring exposure times of over 10,000 times that of conventional negative material. Any method of increasing the speed of the emulsion also increased the grain size and destroyed the conditions required for the process to work.

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